Biology Semester 2 Review

Which pairings correcly depict the way in which DNA bases pair?
1. Adenine pairs with Guanine || Thymine pairs with Cytosine
2. Adenine pairs with Cytosine || Thymine pairs with Guanine
3. Adenine pairs with Thymine || Guanine pairs with Cytosine
4. Adenine pairs with Adenine || Thymine pairs with Thymine
How many base pairing errors are depicted in the image above?
1. none
2. one
3. two
4. three
5. four
How many base pairing errors are depicted in the image above?
1. none
2. one
3. two
4. three
5. four
The double-stranded DNA molecule has a three dimensional structure known as a
1. spiral
2. double helix
3. triple helix
4. matirx
The structures in the diagram labeled X are
1. bases
2. deoxyribose sugars
3. phosphates
4. proteins
The structures in the diagram labeled W are
1. bases
2. deoxyribose sugars
3. phosphates
4. proteins
The structures in the diagram labeled Z are
1. bases
2. deoxyribose sugars
3. phosphates
4. proteins
In RNA, the base adenine is paired with ____________________________ instead of _______________________________, as it is in DNA.
1. uracil / thymine
2. guanine / cytosine
3. thymine / cytosine
4. cytosine / thymine
Which of the following represents an RNA strand that would be transcribed from the DNA strand above?
Before leaving the nucleus, mRNA is protected with which of the following?
1. A 5' cap
2. A 3' poly-adenine tail
3. A special membrane
4. Enzymes called nucleases
Which of the following represents a sequence of bases as they might appear in RNA?
Which of the following is NOT a difference between RNA and DNA
1. they contain different sugars
2. DNA is double-stranded, and RNA is single-stranded
3. RNA leaves the nucleus; DNA does not
4. DNA has a sugar-phosphate backbone; RNA does not
The process by which RNA is made from a template of DNA is known as
1. replication
2. transcription
3. translation
4. duplication
Some viruses can make DNA from an RNA template. This process is known as
1. infection
2. reverse-transcription
3. reverse-translation
4. reverse-replication
The function of mRNA is to
1. control cell division
2. serve as a template for making proteins
3. backup the genetic information in case the DNA is destroyed
4. protect the nucleus from damage by enzymes
In eukaryotic cells, RNA is edited before leaving the nucleus. During the editing process
1. introns and exons are removed from the RNA
2. exons are removed from the RNA while the introns remain
3. introns are removed from the RNA while exons remain
4. introns and exons trade positions within the RNA strand
Other extra-nuclear RNA includes rRNA and tRNA. The "r" and "t" stand for
1. ribosomal and transfer
2. recombinant and thermal
3. reactive and time-sensitive
4. regular and thylakoid
The enzymes that makes an RNA molecule from a DNA template is known as
1. reverse transcriptase
2. RNA polymerase
3. DNA polymerase
4. exonuclease
RNA is made from a DNA template
1. in the nucleus
2. in the ribosomes
3. in the cytoplasm
4. in the labs of mad scientists
The mRNA base sequence AUG serves as the "start codon" for protein synthesis. This codon codes for the amino acid
1. methionine
2. tryptophan
3. cysteine
4. tyrosine
Which of the following codons is not a codon for the termination of translation?
1. UGG
2. UAA
3. UAG
4. UGA
Protein synthesis takes place in the direction 5' → 3'. What is the amino acid sequence resulting from this section mRNA?
1. Ser - Arg - Asp - Pro
2. Phe - His - Arg - Gly
3. Val - Pro - Tyr - Leu
4. Ser - Gln - Gly - Ser
A 12-base section of mRNA composed of nothing but the base cytosine would code for the repeated addition of the amino acid
1. Proline
2. Histidine
3. Isoleucine
4. Phenylalanine
The transfer RNA shown here would transport the amino acid
1. (pro) proline
2. (gly) glycine
3. (try) tryptophan
4. (lys) lysine
The process of translation takes place when the mRNA is attached to
1. a mitochondrion
2. the nucleus
3. a ribosome
4. the endoplasmic reticulum
A mutation in DNA coding for a protein results in a change in an mRNA codon from UAA to UAG. This change results in
1. insertion of the wrong amino acid
2. no change
3. premature termination of translation
4. the failure to terminate translation
A mutation in DNA coding for a protein results in a change in an mRNA codon from UGA to UGG. This change results in
1. insertion of the wrong amino acid
2. no change
3. premature termination of translation
4. the failure to terminate translation
A mutation in DNA coding for a protein results in a change in an mRNA codon from ACA to AAC. This change results in
1. insertion of the wrong amino acid
2. no change
3. premature termination of translation
4. the failure to terminate translation
A mutation in DNA coding for a protein results in a change in an mRNA codon from CAG to UAG. This change results in
1. insertion of the wrong amino acid
2. no change
3. premature termination of translation
4. the failure to terminate translation
When three bases constitute a codon, the number of possible codons that can be generated using the four bases in RNA is
1. 3⁴ combinations
2. 4³ combinations
3. 3 x 4 combinations
4. 3 combinations
5. 4 combinations
The tremendous variety of proteins is due to the
1. millions of possible codons in mRNA
2. millions of possible ways that amino acids can be ordered within a protein
3. millions of different bases in DNA
4. millions of different kinds of tRNA
The structure labeled "Z" represents
1. transfer RNA
2. messenger RNA
3. a ribosome
4. the nucleus
The structure labeled "X" represents
1. transfer RNA
2. messenger RNA
3. a ribosome
4. the nucleus
The structure labeled "Y" represents
1. transfer RNA
2. messenger RNA
3. a ribosome
4. the nucleus
According to Darwin, the driving force behind evolution is
1. natural selection
2. gene mutation
3. large animals eating smaller animals
4. inheritance of acquired traits
In the phrase "Survival of the Fittest" the term "Fittest" refers to the organism's
1. physical strength and speed
2. suitability for its environment
3. number of genes
4. brain size
Natural selection acts upon
1. only dominant alleles
2. only recessive alleles
3. alleles that are expressed
4. only alleles that are the result of recent mutations
From an evolutionary standpoint, the two male elk depicted above are engaged in
1. natural selection
2. sexual selection
3. speciation
4. adaptation
The birds shown above all have very different beak structure. These differences are known in evolutionary biology as
1. variations
2. adaptations
3. sexual selection
4. acquired traits
A gene mutation in a certain flower allows the flower to produce more seeds. The seeds each have the same chance of producing a new plant as do seeds from flowers that do not possess this mutation. It can be expected that
1. the other plants in the area will develop the same mutation.
2. the mutated gene will become more common in the next generation of these flowers.
3. the mutation will kill the flowers that don't have the mutation.
4. the seeds with the mutation will taste better to animals.
Delicious fruit is an adaptation in some flowering plants that assists in
1. attracting pollinators
2. seed dispersal
3. attracting mates
4. repelling harmful pests
Individual organisms within an existing population cannot
1. undergo sexual selection
2. evolve
3. adapt
4. experience natural selection
For centuries, dog breeders have chosen to breed particular dogs to pass on, or even enhance, desirable traits. This is an example of
1. sexual selection
2. artificial selection
3. speciation
4. natural selection
The theory of evolution predicts that
1. animals will become extinct if the environment changes.
2. alleles that improve survival will increase in frequency within a population.
3. the organisms that produce the most offspring will be the ones to survive.
4. changes in species will take place at a predictable pace.
The image above shows different body shapes within a population of giraffes (play along, OK?) The difference in body shape are an example of
1. adaptation
2. variation
3. sexual selection
4. natural selection
The differences in antibiotic resistance among these bacteria is an example of
1. variation
2. sexual selection
3. adaptability
4. a lethal mutation
It is estimated that most people carry about 50 potentially lethal alleles. This is possible because
1. we have drugs to keep them from killing us.
2. the alleles are recessive, and not expressed.
3. the alleles are dominant, and can overcome recessive alleles.
4. the alleles are for genes that aren't important.
A population of people are isolated on an island, with no new immigrants over many generations. For this group, any new genetic variations are most likely to come from
1. natural selection
2. new mutations
3. recessive alleles
4. speciation
An individual has his appendix removed, dyes his hair black, and intentionally gorges on food until he is morbidly obese. Which of these traits is likely to be passed on to any offspring?
1. the missing appendix
2. black hair color
3. obesity
4. none of these
A particular breed of hare has a coat that turns white in the winter to blend with the snow in its environment. One winter, no snow falls and the white coats make the hares easy for predators to see against the brown dirt. The most immediate expected result of this environmental change is that
1. many of the hares will be eaten
2. the hares' coats will turn to brown color
3. the hares will migrate to a snowy region
4. the next generation of hares will have brown winter coats
Fireflies are able to distinguish between their own species and other species by the rate and brightness of their flashing patterns. This is an example of:
1. behavioral isolation
2. seasonal isolation
3. mechanical isolation
4. geographical isolation
The best explanation for the very few species of mammals on the Galapagos Islands is:
1. the islands were formed when they broke off from the mainland millions of years ago
2. the islands were formed by volcanic eruptions on the ocean floor
3. many of the original mammal populations have become extinct
4. many species were removed by Charles Darwin in order to be studied more carefully
Rapid changes in the gene pool of a population are LEAST likely to occur when there is:
1. random mating and a large population
2. active migration and a small population
3. nonrandom mating and a small population
4. rapid mutation and a large population
Polydactyly (having six fingers per hand) is a hereditary condition caused by a dominant gene. The rarity with which this condition is seen in human populations is probably because
1. the trait makes people undesirable mates
2. the trait is lethal
3. the allele for polydactyly is rare
4. persons with polydactyly are infertile
The picture above is of a male blue-footed booby, engaged in a mating "dance." This is an example of:
1. natural selection
2. sexual selection
3. random mating
4. a dominance hierarchy
Domesticated rats, the variety you can purchase at a pet store, come in a wide range of color and coat patterns. Many of these coat variations are rarely, if ever, seen in nature. Their presence in the pet store is the result of
1. natural selection
2. sexual selection
3. artificial selection
4. geographic isolation
Two populations of similar organisms will be considered separate species when they
1. look different
2. can no longer interbreed and produce fertile offspring
3. become extinct
4. occupy different niches
Great Danes and Chihuahuas are both descended from wild breeds of dogs, but can no longer interbreed. This is due to:
1. behavioral isolation
2. seasonal isolation
3. mechanical isolation
4. geographical isolation
The numbers in the picture above show the postions of 3 fossils found deposited in the sedimentary rock. Which statement IS NOT true?
1. Fossil #3 is older than fossil #2
2. Fossil #2 is older than fossil #1
3. Fossil #1 is older than fossil #3
4. Fossil #4 is the oldest of the fossils
The evolutionary model known as punctuated equilibrium explains why
1. all species eventually become extinct
2. the fossil record shows continuous, gradual change in species over millions of years
3. long periods of stability in a species, followed by periods of rapid change
4. Charles Darwin visited the Galapagos Islands
In biological terms, the organism that is most successful within its population is the one that
1. captures the most food
2. grows largest and fastest
3. produces the most surviving offspring
4. occupies the most prosperous niche
Edible fruit is an adaptation in some flowering plants that provides an advantage in
1. getting more people to grow it
2. widespread disperal of seeds
3. attracting bees for fertilization
4. making the plant more attractive
In a population of white and brown rats, 16% of the rats have a white coat. Assuming that white coat color is a recessive trait, what percentage of the rats are heterozygous for the color allele?
1. 4%
2. 48%
3. 64%
4. 84%
In a population of white and brown rats, 16% of the rats have a white coat. Assuming that white coat color is a recessive trait, what percentage of the total color alleles code for brown coats?
1. 20%
2. 40%
3. 60%
4. 96%
Which of the following are considered a disturbing influence on a population that is at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
1. random mating
2. small population size
3. migration
4. mutations
An experiment was conducted by Diane Dodd in which a single population of fruit flies was divided into two, with one of the populations fed with starch-based food and the other with maltose-based food. After the populations had diverged over many generations, the groups were again mixed; it was observed that the flies continued to prefer mating with others from the same original population. This process could eventually result in
1. speciation
2. extinction
3. natural selection
4. geographic isolation
In a population of white and brown rats, 16% of the rats have a white coat. Assuming that white coat color is a recessive trait, is the frequency of the white color allele in the population?
1. 0.6
2. 0.4
3. 0.04
4. 0.32
Above you see the lovable castaways of Gilligan's Island. Imagine that Ginger, the red head, is struck on the head by a falling coconut and killed. Her demise eliminates the red-hair allele from the small population of the island. The elimination of the allele is an example of
1. genetic drift
2. gene flow
3. natural selection
4. artificial selection
Information courtesy Wikipedia

The House Sparrow is native to Europe, Asia, and parts of North Africa. It was introduced to North America when a group of one hundred birds from England was released in Brooklyn, New York, and today its range is spread from northern British Columbia to Labrador in and down through most of the United States through Central America. It is most commonly found in agricultural, urban, or suburban areas, and avoids unmodified areas such as woodlands, forests, grasslands, and deserts. The process by which the house sparrow has spread through North America is known as
1. artificial selection
2. adaptive radiation
3. genetic drift
4. gene flow
The use of antibiotics over the last sixty-five years has resulted in a drastic increase in populations of bacteria that are resistant to many antibiotics. The most probable cause of this change in bacterial populations is that
1. the bacteria needed to develop resistance to antibiotics in order to survive.
2. antibiotics select for bacteria that have a degree of resistance, and against those that don't.
3. genetic engineering has released "super bugs" that cannot be killed by antibiotics.
4. sanitary conditions have declined over the last sixty-five years.
Ultimately, all of the energy in most food chains or food webs comes from
1. the oceans
2. the producers
3. the sun
4. the carnivores
Organisms that obtain energy directly from photosynthesis are known as
1. autotrophs
2. heterotrophs
3. primary consumers
4. herbivores
Organisms that can feed on autotrophs as well as on heterotrophs are known as
1. primary consumers
2. carnivores
3. herbivores
4. omnivores
5. producers
An organism that feeds only on heterotrophs is a(n)
1. primary consumer
2. carnivore
3. omnivore
4. herbivore
5. autotroph
An organism whose removal from an ecosystem may cause the collapse of that ecosystem is known as a(n)
1. keystone species
2. dominant predator
3. herbivore
4. tertiary consumer
Missing from this food chain are
1. heterotrophs
2. producers
3. consumers
4. carnivores
Wastes and dead organisms from this food chain will be fed upon by
1. autotrophs
2. decomposers
3. herbivores
4. tertiary consumers
Of the organisms depicted above, the one that would likely be found in the smallest number within the ecosystem is the
1. freshwater shrimp
2. bleak
3. perch
4. northern pike
5. osprey
According to the 10% rule, compared to the osprey, the perch has
1. 10x more energy available
2. 100x more energy available
3. 20x more energy available
4. 1/10 the energy available
5. 1/100 the energy available
Food webs differ from food chains in that they
1. show the actual movement of energy within the ecosystem
2. show the distribution of biomass within an ecosystem
3. show more of the available feeding relationships in an ecosystem
4. identify the keystone species within an ecosystem
The producer in this food web is the
1. phytoplankton
2. polar bear
3. capelin
4. herbiverous zooplankton
The most efficient transfer of energy to the artic cod occurs when it feeds on
1. herbivorous zooplankton
2. carnivorous zooplankton
3. harbour seals
4. harp seals
Missing from this food web are
1. primary consumers
2. carnivores
3. producers
4. decomposers
Which of the following has only ONE food source depicted in this web?
1. polar bear
2. harp seal
3. artic char
4. ringed seal
5. killer whale
In a healthy ecosystem, trophic level "A" will be composed of
1. producers
2. heterotrophs
3. autotrophs
4. carnivores
5. herbivores
On the African savanna, large herbivores such as elephant and giraffe would be found in
1. Trophic level A
2. Trophic level B
3. Trophic level C
4. Trophic level D
Based on the diagram, the greatest amount of energy (and biomass) in a healthy ecosystem will be found in the
1. producers
2. primary consumers
3. secondary consumers
4. tertiary consumers
There is about 100x more energy stored in trophic level A than in
1. trophic level B
2. trophic level C
3. trophic level D
4. trophic levels B, C and D combined
Assume that a human can choose from any of the three organisms above as a source of nutrition. Which of the food sources provides the most efficient transfer of energy from the sun to us?
1. Eat the corn!
2. Eat the steer!
3. Eat the wolf!
The food chain above shows
1. one producer, one autotroph, and one decomposer
2. one autotroph and two heterotrophs
3. one heterotroph and two autotrophs
4. one producer and two omnivores
The processes of photosynthesis and respiration are tied together in
1. the carbon cycle and oxygen cycle
2. the nitrogen cycle and water cycle
3. the nitrogen cycle
4. the phosphorus cycle
Nitrospira and nitrosomonas are
1. fungi
2. bacteria
3. small fish
4. plants
In addition to helping to remove nitrogenous wastes, the plants in the aquarium provide the fish with
1. carbon dioxide
2. oxygen
3. nitrogen
4. bacteria
When the fish is provided with so much food that it cannot eat all of it, the excess food
1. helps to remove nitrogenous wastes from the aquarium
2. adds to the nitrogenous wastes in the aquarium
3. can be absorbed by the plant for photosynthesis
4. kills bacteria
The water cycle process labeled #1 is
1. condensation
2. evaporation
3. precipitation
4. transpiration
The water cycle process labeled #2 is
1. condensation
2. evaporation
3. precipitation
4. transpiration
The water cycle process labeled #3 is
1. condensation
2. evaporation
3. precipitation
4. transpiration
The water cycle process labeled #4 is
1. condensation
2. evaporation
3. precipitation
4. transpiration
As the air temperature increases, the rate of process #3 _______________ and the rate of process #1 ______________.
1. increases / increases
2. increases / decreases
3. decreases / increases
4. decreases / increases
Process #1 removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by means of
1. respiration
2. photosynthesis
3. decomposition
4. deamination
5. evapotranspiration
Processes #2 and #5 add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere by means of
1. respiration
2. photosynthesis
3. decomposition
4. deamination
5. evapotranspiration
In addition to carbon dioxide, what chemical compound is released into the atmosphere as a result of processes #2 and #5
1. oxygen, O₂
2. water, H₂O
3. ammonia, NH₃
4. phosphate, PO₄^3-
5. evapotranspiration
The burning of fossil fuels
1. requires O₂ and releases CO₂
2. releases O₂ and CO₂
3. requires O₂ and CO₂
4. releases O₂ and requires CO₂
The source of the carbon in fossil fuels is
1. dead plant and animal matter
2. limestone deposits
3. ammonia from proteins
4. ocean water
Substances #1 and #2 are
1. carbon dioxide
2. water
3. glucose
4. oxygen
Substances #3 and #4 are
1. carbon dioxide
2. water
3. glucose
4. oxygen
Which of the following is the formula for determining the rate of growth of a population?
1. (birth rate + immigration rate) - (death rate + emigration rate)
2. (birth rate - death rate) + immigration rate + emigration rate
3. birth rate + death rate + immigration rate + emigration rate
4. (immigration rate + emigration rate) - (death rate + birth rate)
As a population grows, factors that slow or limit the growth of the population include
1. disease and parasitism
2. immigration
3. predation
4. competition for resources
Creative commons attribution: copyright Dan L. Perlman, 1988

The caterpillar pictured here has wasp pupae attached that will hatch and then consume the caterpillar. This relationship is an example of
1. sexual selection
2. commensalism
3. mutualism
4. parasitism
Creative commons attribution: copyright Dan L. Perlman, 1988

Ants are known to protect, or "tend" aphids from predators, and in return receive some nutrients from the aphids. This relationship is an example of
1. sexual selection
2. commensalism
3. mutualism
4. parasitism
The growth curve shown above is an example of
1. exponential growth
2. logistic growth
3. extinction
4. a predator-prey relationship
In the growth curve shown above, the red line indicates
1. K, the carrying capacity
2. the y-intercept
3. the death rate
4. the reproductive rate
The growth curve shown above is an example of
1. exponential growth
2. logistic growth
3. extinction
4. a predator-prey relationship
Examples of symbiotic relationships include
1. mutualism
2. commensalism
3. parasitism
4. cannabalism
Which of the following is an example of a community?
1. All of the organisms living within a lake.
2. All of the geese in the world.
3. All of the grass in a meadow.
4. All of the animals in North America.
Which of the following is an example of a population?
1. All of the raccoons in a forest
2. All of the mammals in a forest
3. All of the trees in a forest
4. All of the raccoons in North America
The image above is a population graph from the predator-prey game. Green indicates grass, blue indicates rabbits, and red indicates wolves. In this graph, the factor controlling the population of rabbits is:
1. the availability of food
2. the presence of predators
3. the presence of predators and the availability of food
4. competition from other herbivores
The image above is a population graph from the predator-prey game. Green indicates grass, blue indicates rabbits, and red indicates wolves. The rapid growth in grass shown at the right of the graph is probably due to:
1. wolves controlling the rabbit population
2. rabbits going on diets
3. rabbits becoming extinct
4. wolves becoming extinct
The growth curve above indicates that in this population
1. extinction has occurred
2. births + immigration = deaths + emigration
3. births + emigration = deaths + immigration
4. the ecosystem must be at its carrying capacity
The image above is a population graph from the predator-prey game. Green indicates grass, blue indicates rabbits, and red indicates wolves. Wolves appear to have gone extinct because:
1. there was no grass for rabbits to eat
2. they starved after eating all of the rabbits
3. they ran out of grass to eat
4. other predators replaced them
Bees collect nectar from flowers, and serve as pollinators for the plants. This relationship is an example of
1. mutualism
2. predator-prey
3. commensalism
4. parasitism
In this diagram the predator is coded in ____________ and the prey is coded in ____________.
1. blue / red
2. red / blue
As this diagram indicates, human population is distributed in a pattern of
1. random dispersion
2. clumped dispersion
3. uniform dispersion
A relationship between two organisms of different species in which one benefits, while the other neither benefits nor is harmed:
1. symbiosis
2. mutualism
3. commensalism
4. parasitism
The process by which the volcanic island Surtsey has progressed from bare lava in 1963 to an island with vegetation and animal life today is known as
1. primary succession
2. secondary succession
3. a climax community
4. an extinction event
Most climate models predict that during this century, the average temperature
1. on land will increase, as will the average ocean temperatures
2. on land will decrease, as will the average ocean temperatures
3. on land will increase, and the average ocean temperatures will decrease
4. on land will decrease, and the average ocean temperatures will increase
After a forest fire, the first signs of ecological recovery occur with the appearance of
1. grasses and small shrubs
2. trees
3. large herbivores
4. predators
During a particularly hot summer, the smallest change in temperature would likely be noted in
1. temperate forests
2. deserts
3. temperate grasslands
4. oceans
Deforestation has the effect of
1. increasing atmospheric CO₂
2. increasing atmospheric oxygen, O₂
3. increasing soil loss through erosion
4. decreasing biodiversity
5. contributing to global warming
Most people have pesticides and other environmental contaminants in their body. This is an example of
1. bioaccumulation
2. biomagnification
3. bioamplification
4. healthy eating
If the ecosystem above was contaminated with the pesticide DDT, the highest concentration of DDT would be found in
1. the sea water
2. microscopic organisms
3. small fish
4. pelicans
If the ecosystem above was contaminated with the pesticide DDT, the highest concentration of DDT in fish and pelicans would be found in
1. bone tissue
2. fat tissue
3. blood
4. muscle
(From Reuters)A golden eagle picks the carcass of a wild boar that was killed by wolves in the 30 km (18 miles) exclusion zone around the Chernobyl nuclear reactor near the village of Babchin some 370 km (217 miles) southeast of Minsk February 3, 2008. Wildlife in the exclusion zone has been teeming despite radiation.
If one were to study organisms in the area, which of these indicates the probable order of increasing concentrations of radiation in living tissue?
1. plants --→ wild boar --→ wolves
2. wolves --→ plants --→ wild boar
3. wild boar --→ plants --→ wolves
4. wolves --→ wild boar --→ plants
Which of the following IS NOT a greenhouse gas?
1. water vapor
2. methane, CH₄
3. carbon dioxide, CO₂
4. oxygen, O₂
A foreign species of organism, introduced into a new ecosystem, will not become invasive unless
1. the population is sufficiently large to allow for natural breeding
2. pregnant females are released
3. it is well suited to the habitat into which it is being released
4. people help care for them until they adapt
5. there is an available niche, or a weaker competitor occupies that niche
Invasive species may harm an ecosystem by
1. altering habitat
2. outcompeting native species
3. introducing new diseases
4. providing humans with a new food source
Starlings, sparrows and other European birds were introduced into the United States during the 1890's, when they were released in New York's Central Park by
1. mad scientists
2. evil Shakespeare fans
3. crazy Spongebob Squarepants fans
4. alien life forms
Most extinctions occurring on the planet today are due to
1. invasive species
2. loss of habitat
3. hunting
4. global warming
The land shown in the picture was once cultivated farmland. The process being shown here is
1. primary succession
2. secondary succession
3. extinction
4. invasion
The plant shown here is Russian thistle, better known as tumbleweed. It was accidentally introduced into the United States in the nineteenth century in contaminated flax seed. The fact that it has spread throughout the western United States suggests that
1. it is being farmed as an agricultural crop
2. regions of Russia have a climate similar to the western United States
3. it is an attractive garden plant
4. it has an efficient seed dispersal mechanism
When blood sugar levels are below normal, the pancreas responds by producing
1. calcitonin
2. insulin
3. glucagon
4. parathyroid hormone
When blood sugar levels are above normal, the pancreas responds by producing
1. calcitonin
2. insulin
3. glucagon
4. parathyroid hormone
Hormones produced in the pancreas include
1. calcitonin
2. insulin
3. glucagon
4. parathyroid hormone
Which of the following WOULD NOT be a homeostatic response to an elevated level of calcium in the blood?
1. secretion of calcitonin
2. secretion of parathyroid hormone
3. release of stored calcium from bone tissue
4. decreased absorption of calcium in the intestine
5. reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys
The homeostatic control of blood sugar by insulin and glucagon is an example of
1. a reflex arc
2. a negative feedback loop
3. a positive feedback loop
4. a combustion reaction
The primary storage site for calcium in the body is
1. the kidney
2. the liver
3. bone tissue
4. the thyroid gland
The Central Nervous system is composed of
1. the sympathetic and parasympathetic
2. the brain and spinal cord
3. motor nerves and sensory nerves
4. the autonomic nerves
In the image above, you see a common technique used in a physical examination which is intended to measure a patient's
1. central nervous system
2. reflex arc
3. muscle strength
4. vision
In this diagram of a reflex arc, the label "A" identifies
1. a sensory neuron
2. a motor neuron
3. an interneuron
4. the brain
In this diagram of a reflex arc, the label "B" identifies
1. a sensory neuron
2. a motor neuron
3. an interneuron
4. the brain
In this diagram of a reflex arc, the label "C" identifies
1. a sensory neuron
2. a motor neuron
3. an interneuron
4. the brain
In the diagram above, the synaptic cleft is labeled
1. W
2. X
3. Y
4. Z
In the diagram above, the neurotransmittes are labeled
1. W
2. X
3. Y
4. Z
In the diagram above, the axon terminal is labeled
1. W
2. X
3. Y
4. Z
In the diagram above, the region of the brain responsible for memory, speech, creative thought and sensory processing is labeled
1. W
2. X
3. Y
4. Z
In the diagram above, the region of the brain responsible for balance and coordinating muscle movement is labeled
1. W
2. X
3. Y
4. Z
In the diagram above, the region of the brain responsible for regulating breathing, heart rate, blood pressure and digestion is labeled
1. W
2. X
3. Y
4. Z
In the diagram above, the spinal cord is labeled
1. W
2. X
3. Y
4. Z
In the diagram above, the medulla oblongata is labeled
1. W
2. X
3. Y
4. Z
In the diagram above, the cerebrum is labeled
1. W
2. X
3. Y
4. Z
In the diagram above, the cerebellum is labeled
1. W
2. X
3. Y
4. Z
Labels on the nerve cell above include
1. Dendrites (1), Cell body (2), Nucleus (3), Axon (4)
2. Cell body (1), Nucleus (2), Axon (3), Dendrites (4)
3. Nucleus (1), Axon (2), Dendrites (3), Cell body (4)
4. Axon (1), Nucleus (2), Dendrites (3), Cell body (4)
The advantage of a reflex arc in responding to a painful stimulus is that it saves reaction time by bypassing the
1. sensory nerves
2. brain
3. motor nerves
4. spinal cord
Which of the following would be physiologic changes brought on by the "Fight or Flight" response?
1. increased heart rate
2. increased blood flow to the stomach and intestines
3. increased production of saliva
4. increased breathing rate
5. dilation of the pupils
6. increased blood flow to skeletal muscles
Involuntary muscle contraction, such as those in the pupil of the eye, digestive tract, and diaphragm are the responsibility of the
1. cerebrum
2. cerebellum
3. medulla oblongata
4. spinal cord
The right atrium is labeled
The left atrium is labeled
The right ventricle is labeled
The left ventricle is labeled
The aorta is the largest artery in the body, It is labeled
Veins carry blood back to the heart. The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs. They are labeled
One of the ventricles pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. That ventricle is labeled
One of the ventricles pumps oxygenated blood to the body. That ventricle is labeled
Arteries carry blood away from the heart. The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs. A pulmonary artery is labeled
The descending vena cava is a major vein that returns deoxygenated blood to the heart from the upper part of the body. In this diagram, it is labeled
Which of the following is correct?
1. The right ventricle pumps oxygenated blood, and the left ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood
2. The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood, and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood
3. The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood, and the left ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood
4. The right ventricle pumps oxygenated blood, and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood
Hemoglobin is an oxygen carrying molecule found in
1. red blood cells
2. white blood cells
3. plasma
4. lung tissue
Foreign bacteria, pollen grains and viruses can all elicit an immune response in humans. They must all contain
1. DNA
2. antibodies
3. antigens
4. cell membranes
Which of the following is not a component of blood plasma?
1. water
2. salts
3. red blood cells
4. proteins
A disease that has been eradicated as a result of world-wide vaccination is
1. measles
2. mumps
3. chicken pox
4. small pox
5. tuberculosis
Antibodies, like the structure above, are molecules composed of
1. carbohydrates
2. fats
3. proteins
4. simple sugars
Which of the following methods results in active acquired immunity?
1. injection of antibodies
2. vaccination
3. exposure to a pathogen
4. delivery of maternal antibodies through the umbilical cord
When carbon dioxide dissolves in the blood, it causes the blood to become more
1. acidic
2. basic
3. oxygenated
4. disease resistant
Which of the following methods results in passive acquired immunity?
1. injection of antibodies
2. vaccination
3. exposure to a pathogen
4. delivery of maternal antibodies through the umbilical cord
The structure shown above is found in the
1. lungs
2. liver
3. kidneys
4. thymus
The smallest blood vessels in the body are the
1. arteries
2. arterioles
3. veins
4. venules
5. capillaries
Gas 1 enters the blood faster than it leaves the blood. It is
1. nitrogen
2. oxygen
3. carbon dioxide
4. helium
Gas 2 leaves the blood faster than it enters the blood. It is
1. nitrogen
2. oxygen
3. carbon dioxide
4. helium
An artery is labeled
An arteriole is labeled
A venule is labeled
A vein is labeled
Immune B-cells are manufactured in the _____________ and T-cells are manufactured in the ________________.
1. bone / thyroid
2. bone / thymus
3. brain / thyroid
4. blood / bone
The blood vessel in which the gases are being exchanged above is
1. a vein
2. an artery
3. an arteriole
4. a venule
5. a capillary
The drastic decrease in childhood mortality that took place in the United States during the 20th century was primarily due to
1. improved childhood nutrition
2. vaccination
3. exercise
4. better doctors
Your instructor had chicken pox in the 8th grade. It is safe to say that
1. his vaccination didn't work
2. he can never get chicken pox again
3. he has B-cells that can make antibodies against chicken pox
4. his mother never had chicken pox
Digestion of proteins begins at the site labeled
Digestion of carbohydrates begins at the site labeled
Digestion of fats begins at the site labeled
An acidic environment is provided for digestion in the organ labeled
Absorption of water takes place in the organ labeled
Substances that aid in the digestion of fats are produced by the organs labeled
1. 4 and 7
2. 1 and 2
3. 5 and 6
4. 2 and 3
The products of protein digestion are
1. simple sugars
2. amino acids
3. glycerol and fatty acids
4. nucleic acids
The products of carbohydrate digestion are
1. simple sugars
2. amino acids
3. glycerol and fatty acids
4. nucleic acids
The products of fat digestion are
1. simple sugars
2. amino acids
3. glycerol and fatty acids
4. nucleic acids
Skeletal muscle can be described as
1. striated
2. voluntary
3. smooth
4. cardiac
5. involuntary
Muscles lining the digestive tract move food through by a process known as peristalsis. These muscles can be described
1. striated
2. voluntary
3. smooth
4. cardiac
5. involuntary
Skeletal muscles work in antagonistic pairs known as
1. flexors and extensors
2. origin and insertion
3. smooth and striated
4. voluntary and involuntary
Muscles receive stimulus to contract from
1. brain cells
2. sensory neurons
3. motor neurons
4. hormones
The only enzyme that digests fat in humans in produced by the __________________ and is secreted into the _____________________.
1. pancreas / small intestine
2. liver / stomach
3. stomach / small intestine
4. thyroid / large intestine
The energy source for all muscle contraction is provided by the molecule
1. ATP
2. DNA
3. glucose
4. RNA
Red marrow produces
1. white blood cells
2. antibodies
3. red blood cells
4. fat
The purpose of yellow bone marrow is
1. red blood cell production
2. fat storage
3. white blood cell production
4. tendon attachment
Muscle groups known as flexors move a joint toward the body by ______________________; muscle groups known as extensors move a joint away from the body by __________________________.
1. contracting / contracting
2. contracting / extending
3. extending / contracting
4. extending / extending