First Semester Review

Which cell type contains membrane-bound organelles?
1. Prokaryotic
2. Eukaryotic
3. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Cells that contains streaming cytoplasm
1. are prokaryotic
2. are eukaryotic
3. can be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic
Cells that do not have histone proteins associated with their DNA
1. are prokaryotic
2. are eukaryotic
3. can be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic
Cells that have DNA as their genetic material include
1. only prokaryotic cells
2. only eukaryotic cells
3. both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Animals, plants, fungi, and protists have cells that are
1. exclusively prokaryotic
2. exclusively eukaryotic
3. both prokaryotic and eukaryotic
4. neither prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Bacteria have cells that are
1. exclusively prokaryotic
2. exclusively eukaryotic
3. both prokaryotic and eukaryotic
4. neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic
Viruses differ from cells in which of the following ways?
1. Viruses cannot reproduce themselves, but cells can
2. Cells contain genetic information in the form of DNA, but viruses do not carry their own genetic information
3. Cells grow and require energy, but viruses do not
4. Viruses do not have membrane coverings
5. Viruses are larger than cells
Cells that contain a nucleus
1. are prokaryotic
2. are eukaryotic
3. can be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic
4. are neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic
Prokaryotic cells contain
1. single chromosomes
2. paired chromosomes
3. no chromosomes
Eukaryotic cells contain
1. single chromosomes
2. paired chromosomes
3. no chromosomes
Differences between a plant and animal cell include:
1. plants cells have a nucleus and animal cells don't
2. plants cells have chloroplasts and animal cells don't
3. plant cells have membrane-bound organelles and animal cells don't
4. plant cells have cell walls and animal cells don't
5. plant cells contain cytoplasm and animal cells don't
The cell pictured above is characteristic of
1. animal cells
2. plant cells
3. bacterial cells
The primary function of the Golgi apparatus is the:
1. synthesis of DNA
2. processing of large molecules such as proteins and lipids
3. generation of cellular energy in the form of ATP
4. storage of water
Though some DNA is found in the mitochondria, most of the genetic information of the cell is stored
1. in the structure labeled "A"
2. in the structure labeled "B"
3. in the structure labeled "C"
4. in the structure labeled "D"
5. in the structure labeled "E"
6. in the structure labeled "F"
Generation of energy through cellular respiration takes place
1. in the structure labeled "A"
2. in the structure labeled "B"
3. in the structure labeled "C"
4. in the structure labeled "D"
5. in the structure labeled "E"
6. in the structure labeled "F"
Transport of lipids takes place
1. in the structure labeled "A"
2. in the structure labeled "B"
3. in the structure labeled "C"
4. in the structure labeled "D"
5. in the structure labeled "E"
6. in the structure labeled "F"
Ribosomes attach to
1. the structure labeled "A" giving it a "rough" appearance
2. the structure labeled "B" giving it a "rough" appearance
3. the structure labeled "C" giving it a "rough" appearance
4. the structure labeled "D" giving it a "rough" appearance
5. the structure labeled "E" giving it a "rough" appearance
6. the structure labeled "F" giving it a "rough" appearance
Which of the following helps you determine that the cell above is NOT a plant cell?
1. It lacks a rigid cell wall
2. It has a nucleus
3. It has mitochondria
4. It has chloroplasts
5. There is no large, central vacuole
Which of the following would help you conclude that the cell shown here is a plant cell?
1. The presence of chloroplasts
2. The presence of the Golgi apparatus
3. The rigid cell wall
4. The large, central vacuole
5. The absence of a rough endoplasmic reticulum
The structure labeled "A" has the function of
1. providing rigidity and preventing water loss
2. converting sunlight to chemical energy
3. processing and transporting macromolecules such as proteins and lipids
4. protecting the cell's DNA
The structure labeled "B" has the function of
1. providing rigidity and preventing water loss
2. converting sunlight to chemical energy
3. transporting proteins produced by the attached ribosomes
4. transporting fats to the nucleus
The structure labeled "C" has the function of
1. providing rigidity and preventing water loss
2. converting sunlight to energy
3. transporting proteins produced by the attached ribosomes
4. transporting fats to the nucleus
The structure labeled "G" has the function of
1. storage and support
2. converting sunlight to energy
3. transporting proteins produced by the attached ribosomes
4. converting food energy to ATP
The structure labeled "H" has the function of
1. storage and support
2. converting sunlight to energy
3. transporting proteins produced by the attached ribosomes
4. converting food energy to ATP
Processing of large molecules such as proteins and fats takes place
1. in the structure labeled "H"
2. in the structure labeled "B"
3. in the structure labeled "C"
4. in the structure labeled "F"
5. in the structure labeled "G"
Tour de France winner Greg Lemond retired from competitive cycling when he was diagnosed with a disorder that prevented his cells from producing sufficient energy for vigorous activity. Which organelle was the source of his malady?
1. The structure labeled "A"
2. The structure labeled "B"
3. The structure labeled "C"
4. The structure labeled "D"
5. The structure labeled "E"
The antibiotic tetracycline interferes with the function of bacterial ribosomes. Because bacterial ribosomes are different from the ribosomes in human cells, taking tetracyline only stops
1. the production of bacterial protein
2. the formation of the bacterial cell wall
3. the storage of water in bacterial cells
4. the processing and transport of lipids in the bacterial cell
The process by which cells expel, or secrete, large molecules is known as
1. pinocytosis
2. phagocytosis
3. exocytosis
4. endocytosis
Which answer correctly describes the lipid bilayer?
1. lipids are hydrophobic; phosphates are hydrophilic
2. lipids are hydrophilic; phosphates are hydrophobic
3. lipids are hydrophilic; phosphates are hydrophilic
4. lipids are hydrophobic; phosphates are hydrophobic
In the image depicted above, the part of the bilayer that is hydrophobic includes
1. region A only
2. region B only
3. both region A and region B
4. neither region A nor region B
In the image depicted above, the part of the bilayer labeled "A"
1. are the charged phospates
2. are the hydrophobic lipids
3. are the transport proteins
4. are the glycoproteins
In the image depicted above, the part of the bilayer labeled "A"
1. are the charged phospates
2. are the hydrophobic lipids
3. are the transport proteins
4. are the glycoproteins
Two types are endocytosis are called
1. pinocytosis
2. exocytosis
3. phagocytosis
4. passive transport
In the image above, the transport protein
1. is labeled "A"
2. is labeled "B"
3. is labeled "C"
4. is labeled "D"
In the image above, the phopholipid bilayer
1. is labeled "A"
2. is labeled "B"
3. is labeled "C"
4. is labeled "D"
In the image above, the structures labeled "B", "C" and "D" are all
1. found only in animal cells
2. proteins
3. phospholipids
4. found only in plant cells
The structure whose function is to allow substances to diffuse from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
1. is labeled "A"
2. is labeled "B"
3. is labeled "C"
4. is labeled "D"
Movement of the small molecules from left to right across the membrane
1. requires passive transport
2. requires no energy
3. requires active transport
4. requires energy
Movement of the small molecules from right to left across the membrane
1. requires passive transport
2. requires no energy
3. requires active transport
4. requires energy
If the small molecules are water molecules, then the movement from right to left across the membrane
1. is called pinocytosis
2. is called osmosis
3. is called active transport
4. will not occur in a healthy cell
When salt is poured on a slug, it dies because
1. water moves out of the slug, causing dehydration
2. salt moves into the slug, poisoning it
3. water moves into the slug, causing it to swell
4. salt moves out of the slug, depriving it of essential minerals
In passive diffusion, substances always move
1. from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
2. from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration
3. from an area with more of the molecules to an area with fewer of the molecules
4. from an area with fewer of the molecules to an area with more of the molecules
Which of these elements MUST be present in order for a molecule to be considered organic?
1. carbon, C
2. Hydrogen, H
3. Oxygen, O
4. Chlorine, Cl
5. Nitrogen, N
6. Iron, Fe
Which six elements make up most of the mass of living cells?
1. Carbon, C
2. Hydrogen, H
3. Phosphorus, P
4. Sulfur, S
5. Oxygen, O
6. Nitrogen
7. Iron, Fe
8. Sodium, Na
9. Potassium, K
10. Helium, He
The bonds between atoms in organic molecules such as sugars, fats and proteins are
1. ionic bonds
2. covalent bonds
3. metallic bonds
4. nuclear bonds
Proteins are made up of long chains of which of these building blocks?
1. sugars
2. amino acids
3. fatty acids
4. glycerol molecules
5. nucleic acids
The organic molecules that carry the genetic code of a cell belong to which class of molecules
1. nucleic acids
2. proteins
3. lipids
4. starches
5. steroids
Which of the following would provide the greatest amount of energy when burned by cells?
1. one gram of protein
2. one gram of fat
3. one gram of sugar
4. one gram of starch
The building blocks of a triglyceride molecule are
1. amino acids and glycerol
2. nucleic acids and amino acids
3. glycogen and fatty acids
4. fatty acids and glycerol
5. sugars and starches
Which of the following is not normally a function of proteins in healthy cells?
1. a component of cell membranes
2. long-term energy storage
3. functioning as enzymes
When sugars polymerize in long chains, they may form any of the following except:
1. glycogen
2. cellulose
3. starch
4. proteins
Examples of nucleic acids include
1. DNA and RNA
2. amino acids and fatty acids
3. sugars and starches
4. fats and proteins
Which of the following is an example of an organic chemical compound?
1. sodium chloride, NaCl
2. glucose, C₆H₁₂O₆
3. carbon dioxide, CO₂
4. sufur trioxide, SO₃
When electrons are shared between atoms of nonmetals, a(n) ________________ bond is formed.
1. covalent
2. ionic
3. metallic
4. nuclear
When a bond results from the transfer of electrons between atoms, it's a(n) ________________ bond that has formed.
1. covalent
2. ionic
3. metallic
4. nuclear
Assuming you can digest all of them, which of the following carbohydrates has the greatest energy value per gram?
1. sugar
2. starch
3. cellulose
4. glycogen
5. none of these, because they all have the same energy value
Enzymes speed up a reaction by
1. lowering activation energy
2. increasing temperature
3. creating more reactants
4. increasing activation energy
In a reaction between the sugar maltose, and the enzyme maltase, which catalyzes the decomposition of maltose
1. maltose is the substrate
2. maltase is the substrate
3. maltase is the product
4. water is the substrate
5. maltose is the product
Which of the following is NOT true?
1. Most enzymes are proteins
2. Enzymes are used up after catalyzing a reaction
3. Enzymes only work inside of cells
4. Prokaryotic cells and viruses do not use enzymes
The substrate is
1. labeled "A"
2. labeled "B"
3. labeled "C"
4. labeled "D"
5. labeled "E"
The enzyme is
1. labeled "A"
2. labeled "B"
3. labeled "C"
4. labeled "D"
5. labeled "E"
The enzyme-substrate complex is
1. labeled "A"
2. labeled "B"
3. labeled "C"
4. labeled "D"
5. labeled "E"
The product is
1. labeled "A"
2. labeled "B"
3. labeled "C"
4. labeled "D"
5. labeled "E"
The part of the enzyme where the substrate binds is known as the
1. catalyst
2. active site
3. inhibitor
4. activation energy
Cells must produce many different enzymes because
1. enzymes are quickly used up
2. most cellular reactions require a specific, unique enzyme
3. they have to have some way to use up the protein that they consume
4. enzymes are not very effective at speeding up reactions
Enzyme names always end with the suffix
1. -ase
2. -ose
3. -ene
4. -ite
What phenomenon explains the flat area on the graph between points B and C?
1. the reaction has come to a stop
2. all of the enzyme's active sites are occupied
3. the reaction has run out of substrate
4. the enzyme has stopped working
Which of these changes might increase the rate of the reaction beyond point C?
1. Add more substrate
2. Add more enzyme
3. Increase the temperature
4. Add more water
In the area marked A on the graph, many of the enzyme molecules have active sites that are
1. available for substate binding
2. occupied by inhibitors
3. damaged
Which of the following changes might cause a decrease in the rate of the reaction beyond point C?
1. addition of more substrate
2. addition of an inhibitor
3. a decrease in temperature
4. a change in pH
5. an increase in temperature
6. addition of more enzyme molecules
Without the presence of enzymes, the reactions necessary to sustain life would require ___________________ in order to occur.
1. much larger cells
2. more organelles
3. larger proteins
4. higher temperatures
When a piece of liver is dropped into hydrogen peroxide, the peroxide bubbles vigorously as the hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) decomposes into water (H₂O) and oxygen (O₂). This rapid change in reaction rate suggests
1. that liver contains lots of germs
2. the liver contains an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide
3. that liver is a substrate for hydrogen peroxide
4. that hydrogen peroxide is a powerful enzyme
When a piece of liver is dropped into hydrogen peroxide, the peroxide bubbles vigorously as the hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) decomposes into water (H₂O) and oxygen (O₂). However, if the liver is cooked first, the reaction fails to occur. The reason for this is
1. heating kills the germs that cause the bubbling
2. heating damages the enzyme in liver that breaks down hydrogen peroxide
3. heating removes the water and oxygen from the liver
4. reactions take place faster at lower temperatures
Which panel represents the saturation of the enzyme by the substrate?
1. Panel 1
2. Panel 2
3. Panel 3
Which panel represents the reaction at its maximum rate?
1. Panel 1
2. Panel 2
3. Panel 3
In what way could you increase the rate of the reaction as it is taking place in Panel 3?
1. Add more substrate
2. Remove substrate
3. Add more enzyme molecules
4. Remove enzyme molecules
5. Add more water
The light reactions of photosynthesis take place in the
1. stroma
2. thylakoids
3. mitochondria
4. nucleus
The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis take place in the
1. stroma
2. thylakoids
3. mitochondria
4. nucleus
Photosynthesis takes place in which organelle?
1. the nucleus
2. the mitochondrion
3. the vacuole
4. the endoplasmic reticulum
5. the ribosome
6. the chloroplast
Photosynthesis takes place in the organelle labeled
What two energy carrying molecules are produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis?
1. NADP⁺ and ADP
2. NADP⁺ and NADPH
3. NADPH and ATP
4. ADP and ATP
5. NADP⁺ and ATP
Energy from sunlight is captured by the pigment
Structures known as grana are stacks of
Which of the following equations correctly sums up the overall process of photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide is required for which of the following processes in photosynthesis
1. the Calvin cycle
2. the splitting of water
3. the production of ATP
4. the absorption of water
A granum has been given the label number
Which numered label indicates the region where the light-independent reactions take place?
The light dependent reactions take place in the membrane labeled by the number
The splitting of water molecules is essential for the photosynthetic production of
1. carbon dioxide
2. sunlight
3. ATP and NADPH
4. chlorophyll
A plant is provided adequate carbon dioxide and water, but no light. In this plant
1. photosynthesis will not occur.
2. photosynthesis will occur more slowly than in the light.
3. ATP and NADPH will be stored until sunlight becomes available.
4. the light independent reactions will continue to produce glucose
Plant contain mitochondria in addition to chloroplasts. This is necessary because
1. plants must make use of respiration when light is not available.
2. the ATP needed for photosynthesis is produced in the mitochondria.
3. the mitochondria produce proteins essential to photosynthesis
4. the mitochondria are how carbon dioxide enters the plant cell
All energy conversions, even in living cells, are very inefficient. Life can survive despite this inefficiency because
1. cells require very little energy
2. the sun continually provides new energy
3. wastes are recycled
4. water is an abundant element on Earth
The letter representing sunlight is
1. W
2. X
3. Y
4. Z
The letter representing oxygen is
1. W
2. X
3. Y
4. Z
The letter representing carbon dioxide could be either
1. W or X
2. X or Y
3. Y or Z
4. Z or W
The letter representing water could be either
1. W or X
2. X or Y
3. Y or Z
4. Z or W
The organelle in which the Krebs cycle takes place is labeled
Check all that are true.

The process of glycolysis
1. requires oxygen
2. takes place in the inner-membrane of the mitochondria
3. breaks glucose into pyruvate
4. produces two molecules of ATP
5. takes place in the cytoplasm (cytosol)
6. only takes place in yeast and bacteria
A maximum of 38 molecules of ATP are produced from each glucose molecule as a result of
1. aerobic respiration
2. lactic acid fermentation
3. alcohol fermentation
4. glycolysis
The picture above depicts the fermenation of home made beer. The gas being produced in the container on the right is
1. carbon dioxide
2. oxygen
3. pyruvate
4. water vapor
5. nitrogen
The picture above depicts the fermenation of home made beer. One reason for the tube passing into the cup of water is to
1. provide water that is necessary for fermentation
2. keep oxygen from freely entering the fermentation flask
3. prevent the escape of carbon dioxide
4. water down the beer
5. nitrogen
The matrix, where the Krebs cycle takes place, is labeled number
The infoldings of the inner-membrane of the mitochondria have the purpose of
1. speeding the loss of carbon dioxide during fermentation
2. increasing surface area for ATP production
3. increasing the cell's photosynthetic capacity
4. speeding up the process of glycolysis
Aerobic respiration does not take place without oxygen available, because oxygen
1. is essential for the formation of carbon dioxide
2. is the terminal electron acceptor in respiration
3. is present in alcohol and lactic acid
4. is necessary for glycolysis
As an athlete's muscles are forced to work in the absence of enough oxygen, the muscle cells begin to produce
1. ever larger amounts of ATP
2. carbon dioxide
3. lactic acid
4. ethyl alcohol
Oxygen acts as the terminal elecron acceptor by combining with the electrons and ____________________ to form _____________________.
1. H⁺ ions // water
2. carbon // carbon dioxide
3. ADP // ATP
4. glucose // pyruvate
Check the statement(s) that is/are incorrect.
1. Glycolysis produces a net of 2 ATP molecules
2. The ATP produced in fermenation comes from glycolysis
3. The Krebs cycle produces a maximum of 2 ATP per molecule of pyruvate
4. Plant cells do not have the capacity to use glucose in cellular respiration, because they get their energy from photosynthesis.
The infoldings of the mitochondria are called
1. ribosomes
2. cristae
3. the matrix
4. the cytosol
Which of these represents the net equation for complete aerobic respiration?
1. glucose → carbon dioxide + ATP
2. glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ATP
3. glucose → pyruvate + lactic acid + alcohol + ATP
4. pyruvate + oxygen → carbon dioxide + oxygen + ATP
In the absence of oxygen, the cell's ability to convert the stored energy of glucose to usable ATP
1. is greatly increased
2. is greatly decreased
3. is unchanged
4. is limited to a maximum of 38 ATP per glucose molecule
Obligate anaerobic bacteria require an oxygen-free environment in order to grow and reproduce. In which test tube of the obligate anaerobes growing?
1. Test tube 1
2. Test tube 2
3. Test tube 3
4. Test tube 4
5. Test tube 5
Yeast undergo fermentation in the production of bread. The alcohol is driven off in the baking process;
1. the oxygen causes the dough to rise
2. the carbon dioxide causes the dough to rise
3. the water vapor causes the dough to rise
4. the ATP causes the dough to rise
The cristae, where electron transport takes place, are labeled number
What stage of mitosis is depicted by the image above?
1. prophase
2. metaphase
3. anaphase
4. telophase
5. cytokinesis
What stage of mitosis is depicted by the image above?
1. prophase
2. metaphase
3. anaphase
4. telophase
5. cytokinesis
What stage of mitosis is depicted by the image above?
1. prophase
2. metaphase
3. anaphase
4. telophase
5. cytokinesis
What stage of mitosis is depicted by the image above?
1. prophase
2. metaphase
3. anaphase
4. telophase
5. cytokinesis
What stage of mitosis is depicted by the image above?
1. prophase
2. metaphase
3. anaphase
4. telophase
5. cytokinesis
The correct order for the stages of mitosis is
1. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
2. anaphase, prophase, telophase, metaphase
3. prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase
4. telophase, anaphase, metaphase, prophase
5. metaphase, anaphase, telophase, prophase
A human cell ordinarily will have 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes. At the end of a cell cycle, including mitosis, the new cells will have
1. 23 pairs of chromosomes; 46 total
2. only the 23 maternal chromosomes
3. only the 23 paternal chromosomes
4. 92 chromosomes, as a result of doubling during the S-phase of the cell cycle
Interphase is broken into phases known as
1. G₁, S and G₂
2. S, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis
3. G₀, G₁, and G₂
4. prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
Cells that will no longer undergo division enter a phase known as
1. apoptosis
2. meiosis
3. mitosis
4. interphase
5. G₀
In stage G₁, the cell
1. copies the chromosomes
2. doubles the cell contents, excluding the chromosomes
3. reduces the number of chromosomes from the diploid number to the haploid number
4. creates two identical nuclei
The phase of mitosis depicted in the circled region above is
1. prophase
2. metaphase
3. anaphase
4. telophase
The phase of mitosis depicted in the circled region above is
1. prophase
2. metaphase
3. anaphase
4. telophase
The phase of mitosis depicted in the circled region above is
1. prophase
2. metaphase
3. anaphase
4. telophase
The phase of the cell cycle that appears to have just been completed in the circled region is
1. prophase
2. metaphase
3. anaphase
4. telophase
5. cytokinesis
After a bacterial cell has undergone binary fission, how many chromosome copies will each daughter cell contain?
1. one
2. two (one maternal and one paternal)
3. forty-six
4. one pair
Which of these do mitosis and binary fission have in common?
1. They are asexual reproduction
2. Daughter cells contain paired chromosomes
3. The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
4. Both are limited to prokaryotic cells
The diploid number of chromosomes in mammals is always
1. two
2. forty-six
3. an odd number
4. an even number
A diploid cell in a buffalo has 60 chromosomes. A sperm or egg cell in a buffalo can be expected to have
1. 60 chromosomes
2. 30 chromosomes
3. 15 chromosomes
4. 120 chromosomes
"Crossing over" between maternal and paternal chromosomes takes place during
1. mitosis
2. meiosis I
3. meiosis II
4. fertilization
The process of meiosis
1. begins with diploid cells and ends with haploid cells
2. begins with diploid cells and ends with diploid cells
3. begins with haploid cells and ends with diploid cells
4. begins with haploid cells and ends with haploid cells
The first evidence of crossing-over exists in the view labeled
You can see a diploid nucleus with chromosomes that have not undergone crossing over in the field labeled
Haploid cells can be seen in the field labeled
Meiosis II takes place between fields
1. A and B
2. A and C
3. B and C
4. C and D
This human karyotype shows the sex of the individual is
1. male
2. female
Chromosomes shown here that are NOT sex chromosomes are known collectively as
1. y chromosomes
2. x chromosomes
3. karyotypes
4. autosomes
This human karyotype shows the sex of the individual is
1. male
2. female
Haploid reproductive cells are collectively referred to as
1. gametes
2. zygotes
3. blastocysts
4. polar bodies
Nucleus 1 shows a diploid cell of a cartoon smurf. Which other nucleus is from a diploid smurf cell?
1. none of them
2. nucleus 2
3. nucleus 3
4. nucleus 4
Nucleus 1 shows a diploid nucleus of a cartoon smurf. Which nucleus is from a haploid smurf cell?
1. none of them
2. nucleus 2
3. nucleus 3
4. nucleus 4
The karyotype above is from a human cell. Its source is
1. a fertilized gamete
2. an egg cell
3. a sperm cell
4. a normal somatic (body) cell
Diploid cells that result from the fertilization of an egg cell by a sperm cell are called
1. gametes
2. zygotes
3. blastocysts
4. polar bodies
The karyotype above is from a human cell. Its source is
1. haploid
2. diploid
3. polyploid
4. a normal somatic (body) cell
The karyotype above shows paired, non-identical chromosomes that contain information for the same biological features and contain the same genes. These pairs are known as
1. sex chromosomes
2. homologous chromosomes
3. heterologous chromosomes
4. somatic chromosomes
If this karyotype were for a human sperm cell, it should
1. have only an "X" sex chromosome
2. have fewer autosomes
3. have only a "Y" chromosome
4. have more autosomes
5. have either an "X" or a "Y" chromosome
Nucleus 1 shows a diploid nucleus of a cartoon smurf. Which nucleus comes from an abnormal cell?
1. none of them
2. nucleus 2
3. nucleus 3
4. nucleus 4
Each parent contributes one of the genes for a particular trait. The genes of the pair are called:
1. variables
2. hybrids
3. alleles
4. gametes
Tay Sachs disease is a fatal genetic disorder. Children born with this disorder generally die before they are five years old. A couple has had three children who died of Tay Sachs. About this couple it can safely be assumed that:
1. they are both homozygous for the Tay Sachs trait
2. they are both heterozygous for the Tay Sachs trait
3. one is heterozygous and the other is homozygous for the Tay Sachs trait
4. any children they have in the future will also die from this disease
When two bell shaped squash are crossed, 25% of the offspring are round, 25% are oblong, and 50% are in between, or bell shaped. This cross illustrates:
1. a pedigree
2. mutiple alleles
3. codominance
4. a recessive trait
Traits that are influenced by at least several genes and also the environment are known as:
1. variations
2. multifactorial
3. dominant
4. recessive
In humans, the child’s sex is determined by:
1. the father
2. the mother
3. both parents equally
4. an autosome
The observable traits of an organism are known as its
1. allele
2. dominance
3. phenotype
4. genotype
The gene makeup of an organism for a particular trait is known as its
1. allele
2. dominance
3. phenotype
4. genotype
The genotypes that cannot be determined from the inspection of the offspring of a cross are the:
1. homozygous dominant and the homozygous recessive
2. codominant
3. codominant and the homozygous recessive
4. homozygous dominant and the heterozygous dominant
Chromosomes that carry genes that code for the same products, such as hemoglobin or eye pigment, are said to be:
1. homozygous
2. homologous
3. heterozygous
4. heterogeneous
Mendel discovered principles of inheritance because he:
1. observed simultaneously all of the characteristics in which the parents differed
2. was smarter than any other scientist of his time
3. ignored all characteristics except a few markedly contrasting ones which he studied carefully
4. studied only the offspring obtained from a single mating
The color black is dominant in guinea pigs. The phenotypes of homozygous black guinea pigs and heterozygous black guinea pigs are:
1. BB and Bb
2. black
3. white
4. gray
In snapdragons, Tallness (T) is dominant to dwarfness (t). In a cross between two plants that are heterozygous for this trait, the percent of offspring expected to exhibit dwarfness is
1. 0%
2. 25%
3. 50%
4. 75%
5. 100%
In snapdragons, Tallness (T) is dominant to dwarfness (t). In a cross between two plants that are homozygous for the recessive allele, the percent of offspring expected to exhibit tallness is
1. 0%
2. 25%
3. 50%
4. 75%
5. 100%
In snapdragons red flower color is due to gene (R) and white to its allele (r). The heterozygous condition results in pink (Rr) flower color. In a cross between two pink snapdragons, what percentage of the offspring can be expected to be pink?
1. 0%
2. 25%
3. 50%
4. 75%
5. 100%
In snapdragons red flower color is due to gene (R) and white to its allele (r). The heterozygous condition results in pink (Rr) flower color. In a cross between two pink snapdragons, what percentage of the offspring can be expected to be red?
1. 0%
2. 25%
3. 50%
4. 75%
5. 100%
In pea plants, the allele for green pods (G) is dominant and the allele for yellow pods (g) is recessive. A researcher crosses two green pea plants, and the in F₁ generation, 25% of the offspring exhibit yellow pods. What are the genotypes of the parents?
1. Gg and Gg
2. GG and Gg
3. Gg and gg
4. gg and GG
In pea plants, the allele for green pods (G) is dominant and the allele for yellow pods (g) is recessive. A researcher crosses two green pea plants, and the in F₁ generation, all of the offspring exhibit green pods. Can you determine the genotypes of both parents
1. Yes, they are GG and GG
2. Yes, they are Gg and GG
3. Yes, they are gg and gg
4. No, they could be Gg and Gg OR GG and Gg
5. No, they could be Gg and GG OR GG and GG
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that is controlled by a recessive allele. If a person suffering from CF were to marry an individual who is heterozygous for the trait, what % of their children could be expected to suffer from the disease? Ignore issues of sterility in persons with CF.
1. 0%
2. 25%
3. 50%
4. 75%
5. 100%
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that is controlled by a recessive allele. If a person suffering from CF were to marry an individual who is heterozygous for the trait, what % of their children could be expected to unaffected carriers of the trait? Ignore issues of sterility in persons with CF.
1. 0%
2. 25%
3. 50%
4. 75%
5. 100%
In dragons, large scales (S) are dominant and small scales (s) are recessive. A dragon that is heterozygous for the trait is crossed with a dragon that has small scales. What should be the ratio of large-scaled dragons to small-scaled dragons among the offspring?
1. 1:1
2. 2:1
3. 1:2
4. 3:1
5. 1:3
In all conditions in which a defective gene is on the X chromosome, transmission to a male can be:
1. only from his mother
2. only from his father
3. either from his father or his mother
4. from neither his mother nor father
What bloodtype could not be found in the offspring of a couple, each of whom has type AB blood?
1. Type O
2. Type A
3. Type AB
4. Type B
Three babies were recently mixed up in a hospital. The blood types of the possible parents and babies are shown below.
Parents
#1 Parents
#2 Parents
#3 Baby
#1 Baby
#2 Baby
#3
A and B A and A AB and O B O AB

Who are the possible parents of baby #1?
1. Parents #1
2. Parents #2
3. Parents #3
Three babies were recently mixed up in a hospital. The blood types of the possible parents and babies are shown below.
Parents
#1 Parents
#2 Parents
#3 Baby
#1 Baby
#2 Baby
#3
A and B A and A AB and O B O AB

Who are the possible parents of baby #3?
1. Parents #1
2. Parents #2
3. Parents #3
Three babies were recently mixed up in a hospital. The blood types of the possible parents and babies are shown below.
Parents
#1 Parents
#2 Parents
#3 Baby
#1 Baby
#2 Baby
#3
A and B A and A AB and O B O AB

Who could not have been the parents of baby #2?
1. Parents #1
2. Parents #2
3. Parents #3
The term "sex-linked trait" almost universally refers to alleles with genes on the
1. Y chromosome
2. X chromosomes
3. 22 autosomes
Colorblindness is a sex-linked trait that is uncommon in women because
1. it is carried by a gene on the Y chromosome
2. women have to receive the trait from both parents in order for it to be expressed
3. women have a different gene for color vision
The image below is a partial pedigree for the inheritence of hemophilia in the royal families of Europe.

Based upon this pedigree, hemophilia is
1. sex-linked
2. autosomal recessive
3. autosomal dominant
4. autosomal codominant
A man with type A blood marries a woman with type B blood. Their three children have blood types A, B and O, respectively. What are the parental genotypes?
1. Father: AO || Mother: BO
2. Father: AO || Mother: BB
3. Father: AA || Mother: BO
4. Father: AA || Mother: BB
Both A and B blood type alleles are dominant to type O. To what do we owe the high frequency of people in the population with type O blood?
1. O is the most common allele
2. Many people have genetic diseases
3. Women are more likely to have type O blood
4. Babies with types A and B are more likely to die in childhood
Colorblindness is a recessive, X-linked trait. In marriages between a man who is colorblind, and a woman who is a carrier, what percentage of the children can be expected to be sons who are color blind?
1. 0%
2. 25%
3. 50%
4. 75%
5. 100%
Colorblindness is a recessive, X-linked trait. In marriages between a man who is colorblind, and a woman who is a carrier, what percentage of the children can be expected to be sons who are not color blind?
1. 0%
2. 25%
3. 50%
4. 75%
5. 100%
Colorblindness is a recessive, X-linked trait. In marriages between a man who is colorblind, and a woman who is a carrier, what percentage of the children can be expected to be daughters who are color blind?
1. 0%
2. 25%
3. 50%
4. 75%
5. 100%
Colorblindness is a recessive, X-linked trait. In marriages between a man who is colorblind, and a woman who is a carrier, what percentage of the children can be expected to be daughters who are carriers of the trait?
1. 0%
2. 25%
3. 50%
4. 75%
5. 100%
Colorblindness is a recessive, X-linked trait. In marriages between a man who is colorblind, and a woman who is a carrier, what percentage of the children can be expected to be daughters who do not carry the trait at all?
1. 0%
2. 25%
3. 50%
4. 75%
5. 100%
A father is heterozygous for a particular autosomal dominant trait. If his spouse is homozygous recessive for the same trait, what percentage of their offspring can be expected to express the dominant condition?
1. 0%
2. 25%
3. 50%
4. 75%
5. 100%
The pedigree above indicates that the trait in question is
1. sex-linked
2. autosomal recessive
3. autosomal dominant
In snapdragons, tallness (T) is dominant to dwarfness (t), while red flower color is due to gene (R) and white to its allele (r). The heterozygous condition results in pink (Rr) flower color. A dwarf red snapdragon is crossed with a plant homozygous for tallness and white flowers. What percentage of the offspring can be expected to have the tall, pink-flowered phenotype>
1. 0%
2. 25%
3. 50%
4. 75%
5. 100%

Parents #1	Parents #2	Parents #3	Baby #1	Baby #2	Baby #3
A and B	A and A	AB and O	B	O	AB